Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
 | 
Online Publication Date: 01 Jul 2019

Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Species Infesting Myrica rubra in China

,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
Page Range: 223 – 237
DOI: 10.18474/JES18-81
Save
Download PDF

Abstract

To determine the species of whiteflies infesting Chinese bayberry, Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (Fagales: Myricaceae), in China, we collected samples from eight provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Hubei, Fujian, Guizhou, and Yunnan) from 2014 through 2017. Six species representing six genera of the subfamily Aleyrodinae were identified, namely Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance), Aleurolobus szechwanensis Young, Aleuroplatus pectiniferus Quaintance & Baker, Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens (Singh), Dialeuropora brideliae (Takahashi), and Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana). Information on the pest status, illustrations, distribution worldwide, and hosts of each of these six species is provided.

Keywords: Aleyrodidae; Myrica rubra ; taxonomy; China

Chinese bayberry, Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc. (Fagales: Myricaceae), is an economically important subtropical fruit crop native to southern China and other Asian countries (Chen et al. 2004). The fruit is popular for its appealing color, delicious taste, essential nutrients, and bioactive constituents such as antioxidants (Zhang et al. 2011) and antitumor properties (Sun et al. 2012). Chinese bayberry is widely planted not only as a fruit crop but also in forestry stands (Chen et al. 2004). Whiteflies are an economically important group of insects infesting a range of host plants (Mound and Halsey 1978). Four species, namely Aleuroplatus plumosus (Quaintance), Crenidorsum caerulescens (Singh), Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), and Tetraleurodes ursorum (Cockerell), are recorded from Chinese bayberry (Evans 2008; Mound and Halsey 1978). We conducted a survey of whitefly species infesting Chinese bayberry in China from 2014 through 2017 in regions where Chinese bayberry is grown.

Materials and Methods

Specimens were collected in Chinese bayberry groves in eight provinces of China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Hubei, Fujian, Guizhou, and Yunnan) by J.-R.W. Puparia were mounted using the method of Martin (1987) and Dubey and David (2012). All the specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University (ZAFU). Terminology used for morphological structures follows Bink-Moenen (1983), Martin (1985), and Gill (1990). The habitus images were taken using a LEICA M125 stereo-microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with a LEICA DFC290 (Leica) from the Insect Collection of ZAFU, Lin’an, China. Puparial measurements and microphotographs were taken using a Zeiss stereomicroscope (Carl Zeiss, Gottingen, Germany) at the ZAFU. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken using a Philips XL30-Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (Philips, United Kingdom) at the Testing Center of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China at 20 kV/EHT and 80 Pa between 128× to 800× magnification. Adobe Photoshop software was used to make small adjustments and to assemble the plates.

Results

Six species representing six genera of the subfamily Aleyrodinae were identified from our collections. These were Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance), Aleurolobus szechwanensis Young, Aleuroplatus pectiniferus Quaintance and Baker, Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens (Singh), Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), and Dialeuropora brideliae (Takahashi). Pest status, worldwide distribution, and host plants of each are listed. Illustrations also serve as an additional tool for the identification of the species.

Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Fig.1)

  • Aleurodes spinifera: Quaintance, 1903: 63–64.

  • Aleurocanthus spiniferus: Quaintance and Baker, 1914: 102.

  • Material examined. 3 puparia, CHINA, Guiyang (26.64°N, 106.81°E), Guizhou Province, from Myrica rubra, 19.vi.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU.

  • Distribution. China, Andaman Islands, Caroline Islands, Greece, Hawaii, India, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Java, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Islands, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Tanzania, Thailand (Evans 2008), Italy (Porcelli 2008).

  • Host plants. Myrica rubra; see Evans (2008) for other hosts.

  • Comment. Aleurocanthus spiniferus, widely known as the citrus spiny whitefly, is native to Southeast Asia and has spread to Africa, Australia, Europe, and the Pacific Islands (Porcelli 2008). Citrus spp. are the main hosts of economic importance, but A. spiniferus is a polyphagous pest and has been recorded from more than 30 plant families. Cioffi et al. (2013) provided a comprehensive list of its host plants. Serious outbreaks of whiteflies infesting tea plants Camellia sinensis (L.) in China and Japan have been attributed to this species over the last 20 yr (Kanmiya et al. 2011). Kanmiya et al. (2011) compared the morphological, acoustic, and genomic features of tea-infesting versus citrus-infesting populations and proposed a new scientific name, Aleurocanthus camelliae Kanmiya and Kasai, and a new common name, camellia spiny whitefly for the tea-infesting population. We collected A. spiniferus on M. rubra in the Guizhou Province, but no major infestations were observed.

Fig. 1. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleurocanthus spiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the spines; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 1. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleurocanthus spiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the spines; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 1. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleurocanthus spiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the spines; (C) vasiform orifice.
Fig. 1 Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleurocanthus spiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the spines; (C) vasiform orifice.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Aleurolobus szechwanensis Young (Figs. 2–3)

  • Aleurolobus szechwanensis: Young, 1942: 99.

  • Material examined. 2 puparia, Wuyishan, (27.63°N, 118.01°E), Fujian Province, from Myrica rubra, 17. ix.2012, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU.

  • Distribution. China (Fujian, Sichuan, Chongqing, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan).

  • Host plants. Myrica rubra, Citrus reticulate Blanco (Young 1942).

  • Comment. Earlier, Young (1942) described A. szechwanensis from citrus in China. In our study, a small infestation of this species was found on Chinese bayberry, which represents the first record of this species on this plant host. This species resembles Aleurolobus taonabae (Kuwana) and Aleurolobus rhododendri Takahashi but can be separated from the former by the different structure of the thoracic and caudal combs and from the latter by the shorter marginal teeth and the fewer basal marginal setae (Young 1942). Only one natural enemy, Encarsia fujianensis Huang and Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), has been recorded from this species (Huang and Polaszek 1998).

Fig. 2. Live images of Aleurolobus szechwanensis, puparium, dorsal view.Fig. 2. Live images of Aleurolobus szechwanensis, puparium, dorsal view.Fig. 2. Live images of Aleurolobus szechwanensis, puparium, dorsal view.
Fig. 2 Live images of Aleurolobus szechwanensis, puparium, dorsal view.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Fig. 3. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of A. szechwanensis. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.Fig. 3. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of A. szechwanensis. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.Fig. 3. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of A. szechwanensis. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.
Fig. 3 Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of A. szechwanensis. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Aleuroplatus pectiniferus Quaintance and Baker (Figs. 4–5)

  • Aleuroplatus pectiniferus: Quaintance and Baker, 1917: 393.

  • Aleuroplatus ficusgibbosae: Corbett, 1926: 271. [Synonymized by Martin, 1999: 48]

  • Aleuroplatus buchananiae: Jesudasan and David, 1991: 282. [Synonymized by Martin, 1999: 48]

  • Aleuroplatus distinctus: Jesudasan and David, 1991: 283. [Synonymized by Martin, 1999: 48]

  • Aleuroplatus pectenserratus: Singh, 1945: 76. [Synonymized by Martin, 1999: 48]

  • Aleuroplatus walayarensis: Jesudasan and David, 1991: 285. [Synonymized by Martin, 1999: 48]

  • Material examined. 15 puparia, Lin’an, (30.25°N, 119.72°E), Zhejiang Province, from Myrica rubra, 12.iv.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; 10 puparia, Thousand Island Lake, (29.59°N, 119.01°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 14.v.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; 5 puparia, Cixi, (30.16°N, 121.26°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 9.vi.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; six puparia, Zhoushan (29.98°N, 122.21°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 6.viii.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU.

  • Distribution. China, Australia, India, Iran, Java, Malaya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi (Evans 2008).

  • Host plants. Myrica rubra; see Evans (2008) for other host plants.

  • Comment. Aleuroplatus pectiniferus has caused very serious damage to Chinese bayberry in most Chinese bayberry planting regions in recent years, particularly in the Zhejiang Province. It is often misidentified as Aleurotrachelus camelliae (Kuwana) in the agricultural production areas because the puparia are very similar in appearance, with the transparent gelatinous covering on the case and white waxy secretions arising from the end of thoracic and caudal tracheal pores. It can be distinguished from A. camelliae by its thoracic and caudal combs composed of four or five long, prominent teeth while, in A. camelliae, the teeth are as long as the marginal teeth, as a major diagnostic characteristic of this species, and by the presence of submedian depressions along the suture of each abdominal segment (Wang et al. 2017). Chemical control of A. pectiniferus has not been effective because of the transparent gelatinous covering on the case. It has a very wide plant host range. Its known natural enemies include Encarsia ishii (Silverstri), Encarsia lutea (Masi), Encarsia perplexa Huang and Polaszek, and Eretmocerus cadabae Viggiani (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (Evans 2008), which may prove to be effective biological control agents.

Fig. 4. Live images of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus puparium. Aleuroplatus pectiniferus infesting the leaves of Myrica rubra (left); Puparium dorsal view (right), showing the transparent gelatinous wax around the case and the waxy secretion arising from the end of thoracic and caudal tracheal pores.Fig. 4. Live images of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus puparium. Aleuroplatus pectiniferus infesting the leaves of Myrica rubra (left); Puparium dorsal view (right), showing the transparent gelatinous wax around the case and the waxy secretion arising from the end of thoracic and caudal tracheal pores.Fig. 4. Live images of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus puparium. Aleuroplatus pectiniferus infesting the leaves of Myrica rubra (left); Puparium dorsal view (right), showing the transparent gelatinous wax around the case and the waxy secretion arising from the end of thoracic and caudal tracheal pores.
Fig. 4 Live images of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus puparium. Aleuroplatus pectiniferus infesting the leaves of Myrica rubra (left); Puparium dorsal view (right), showing the transparent gelatinous wax around the case and the waxy secretion arising from the end of thoracic and caudal tracheal pores.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Fig. 5. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 5. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 5. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice.
Fig. 5 Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens (Singh) (Figs. 6–7)

  • Aleurotrachelus caerulescens: Singh, 1931. 12: 59.

  • Crenidorsum caerulescens: David et al., 2006. 13: 25.

  • Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens: Dubey and Ko, 2010. 2685: 12–13.

  • Material examined. 1 puparia, Tianmu Mountain (30.31°N, 119.45°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 6.vii.2017, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU.

  • Distribution. China, India.

  • Host plants. Myrica rubra, see Evans (2008) for other hosts.

  • Comment. Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens was recorded on M. rubra in Taiwan (Takahashi 1932). Dubey and Ko (2010) discussed the taxonomic status of this species in detail and placed this species in the genus Cohicaleyrodes. We collected C. caerulescens on M. rubra in Tianmu Mountain, but no serious damage to plants was observed.

Fig. 6. Live images of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens, puparium, dorsal view.Fig. 6. Live images of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens, puparium, dorsal view.Fig. 6. Live images of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens, puparium, dorsal view.
Fig. 6 Live images of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens, puparium, dorsal view.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Fig. 7. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 7. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 7. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin; (C) vasiform orifice.
Fig. 7 Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin; (C) vasiform orifice.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Dialeuropora brideliae (Takahashi) (Figs. 8–9)

  • Dialeurodes (Dialeuropora) brideliae: Takahashi, 1932: 15.

  • Dialeurodes (Dialeuropora) brideliae: Takahashi, 1934: 46.

  • Material examined. 2 puparia, Thousand Island Lake (29.59°N, 119.01°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 14.v.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; 1 puparia, Zhoushan (29.98°N, 122.21°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 6.viii.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; 8 puparia, Gutian Mountain National Nature Reserve (29.25°N, 118.15°E), Zhejiang Province, from Myrica rubra, 24.viii.2017, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; 10 puparia, Kunming, (30.16°N, 121.26°E), Yunnan Province, from M. rubra, 16.x.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU.

  • Distribution. China, Japan.

  • Host plants. Bridelia ovate, Machilus sp., Myrica rubra, Stauntonia sp. (Evans 2008).

  • Comment. This represents the first record of this species on Chinese bayberry; it was collected in the Zhejiang and Yunnan Provinces. This species resembles Dialeurodes decempuncta (Quaintance & Baker) in having relatively small submarginal pores for the genus, lacking submarginal spines, and in possessing papillae. It is also resembles Dialeurodes holboelliae Young in shape but differs in the structure of the narrow marginal area, and D. holboelliae has numerous small papillae while D. brideliae is without small papillae.

Fig. 8. Live images of Dialeuropora brideliae, puparium, dorsal view.Fig. 8. Live images of Dialeuropora brideliae, puparium, dorsal view.Fig. 8. Live images of Dialeuropora brideliae, puparium, dorsal view.
Fig. 8 Live images of Dialeuropora brideliae, puparium, dorsal view.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Fig. 9. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Dialeuropora brideliae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the submarginal pores; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 9. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Dialeuropora brideliae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the submarginal pores; (C) vasiform orifice.Fig. 9. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Dialeuropora brideliae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the submarginal pores; (C) vasiform orifice.
Fig. 9 Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Dialeuropora brideliae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the submarginal pores; (C) vasiform orifice.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Figs. 10–11)

  • Bemisia myricae: Kuwana, 1927: 249.

  • Parabemisia myricae: Takahashi, 1952: 24.

  • Material examined. 6 puparia, Thousand Island Lake (29.59°N, 119.01°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 14.v.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; 8 puparia, Cixi (30.16°N, 121.26°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 9.vi.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU; 9 puparia, Zhoushan (29.98°N, 122.21°E), Zhejiang Province, from M. rubra, 6.viii.2016, Coll. J. R. Wang, deposited in ZAFU.

  • Distribution. China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Spain, Turkey, United States, Venezuela (Evans 2008), Croatia (Šimala et al. 2016).

  • Host plants. Myrica rubra; refer to Evans (2008) for other hosts.

  • Comment. Parabemisia myricae is commonly known as the “bayberry whitefly” due to its frequent and heavy infestations on bayberry worldwide. It is a polyphagous species recorded on 14 families of woody, broad-leaved angiosperm hosts (Mound and Halsey 1978), including many other economic plants such as tea plants and mulberry trees, which are very common in China (Luo and Zhou 1997; Wang et al. 2014). Kuwana (1927) described this species from Japan in 1927 and it has since become an invasive pest, particularly on citrus crops and avocados in several parts of the world (Benfatto 2015; Martin 1999; Šimala et al. 2016; Uygun et al. 1990). New host plant associations are common for some species of whiteflies, indicating their high potential to adapt and expand their geographic and plant host range effectively and cause problems on many plants (Martin 1996; Martin et al. 2000). Therefore, measures should be taken to prevent its further expansion in the region accompanied with effective control methods. This whitefly species is sometimes responsible for serious crop damage when it first arrives in a new geographical area, but usually soon falls below economic injury levels as natural enemies become established (Hernández-Suárez et al. 2012). Numerous parasitoid and predatory species are known to be associated with P. myricae (Evans 2008).

Fig. 10. Live images of Parabemisia myricae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) empty pupal case.Fig. 10. Live images of Parabemisia myricae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) empty pupal case.Fig. 10. Live images of Parabemisia myricae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) empty pupal case.
Fig. 10 Live images of Parabemisia myricae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) empty pupal case.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Fig. 11. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of P. myricae. (A) Habitus, dorsal view (parasitoid emerged); (B) lateral margin and the submarginal setae; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.Fig. 11. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of P. myricae. (A) Habitus, dorsal view (parasitoid emerged); (B) lateral margin and the submarginal setae; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.Fig. 11. Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of P. myricae. (A) Habitus, dorsal view (parasitoid emerged); (B) lateral margin and the submarginal setae; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.
Fig. 11 Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of P. myricae. (A) Habitus, dorsal view (parasitoid emerged); (B) lateral margin and the submarginal setae; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.

Citation: Journal of Entomological Science 54, 3; 10.18474/JES18-81

Discussion

Few publications have dealt with whitefly species that infest specific economic crops. Quaintance (1907) published a list of a number of economic plants and the whiteflies then known to colonize them (Martin 1987). Quaintance and Baker (1916) recorded 16 species including 3 new species of whiteflies feeding on Citrus. Twenty species of whiteflies belonging to seven genera have been recorded from Citrus in China (Lin 1960a, 1960b; Luo and Zhou 2000, 2001; Tang 1956; Young 1942). Patti and Rapisarda (1981) provided a discussion on the morphology and biology of whiteflies injurious to economic plants. Martin (1987) presented a key to aid in the identification of puparia (pupal cases) of 46 species of whitefly often found infesting economic plants worldwide. Worldwide, there are 24 species of whiteflies known to infest mulberry trees, Morus alba L. (Rosales: Moraceae) (David and Ragupathy 2004, Wang et al. 2014, 2016). In China, 10 species of whiteflies infest tea plants C. sinensis (Luo and Zhou 1997; Meng et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2016,). David (2012) presented details of the distribution and host plants and their influence on the morphological features of puparial cases, damage potential, and management practices of many economically important species of whiteflies which cause substantial damage to agricultural, horticultural, ornamental, and forest crops in India.

Large infestations of whiteflies may adversely affect their plant hosts by their direct feeding and loss of plant sap and by the formation of sooty mold on honeydew produced by the whiteflies, as well as by interfering with photosynthesis (Martin et al. 2000). Much work remains to be done on the whitefly pests that infest other economic crops.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation (NSF) of China (31601884) and NSF (DEB-1342754), the Research and Development Fund of ZAFU (2017FR041), Agricultural and social development research initiative design project (20180416A03), Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of Science Technology, Department of Zhejiang Province (2015C320008), and the Student Research Training Program of ZAFU (2013200044).

References Cited

  • Benfatto, D.
     2015. Infestations of Parabemisia myricae Kuwana in citrus groves in Italy.Ann. Dellistituto Sperimentale Per Lagrumicoltura23: 111–119.
  • Bink-Moenen, R.M.
     1983. Revision of the African whiteflies (Aleyrodidae).Mon. Ned. Ent. Ver.10: 1–211.
  • Chen, K.
    ,
    C.Xu
    ,
    B.Zhang
    and
    I.B.Ferguson
    .     2004. Red bayberry: botany and horticulture.Hort. Rev.30: 83–114.
  • Cioffi, M.
    ,
    D.Cornara
    ,
    I.Corrado
    ,
    M.G.M.Jansen
    and
    F.Porcelli
    .     2013. The status of Aleurocanthus spiniferus from its unwanted introduction in Italy to date.Bull. Insect.66: 273–281.
  • Corbett, G.H.
     1926. Contribution towards our knowledge of the Aleyrodidae of Ceylon.Bull. Entomol. Res.16: 267–284.
  • David, B.V.
     2012. The whiteflies or mealywing bugs: biology, host specificity and management.
    Lambert Academic Publishing
    ,
    Germany
    .
  • David, B.V.
    ,
    R.W.A.Jesudasan
    and
    A.Phillips
    .     2006. A review of Aleurotrachelus Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and related genera in India, a description of two new species of the genus Cohicaleyrodes Bink-Moenen.Hexapoda13: 16–27.
  • David, B.V.
    and
    E.Ragupathy
    .     2004. Whiteflies (Homoptera: Alyerodidae) of mulberry, Morus alba L., in India.Pestology28: 24–33.
  • Dubey, A.K.
    and
    B.V.David
    .     2012. Collection, preservation and preparation of specimens for taxonomic study of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Pp. 1–19. In
    David, B.V.
     (ed.), The Whiteflies or Mealywing Bugs: Biology, Host Specificity and Management.
    Lambert Academic Publishing
    ,
    Germany
    .
  • Dubey, A.K.
    and
    C.C.Ko
    .     2010. Aleurotrachelus Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and allied genera from Taiwan.Zootaxa2685: 1–29.
  • Evans, G.A.
     2008. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the world and their host plants and natural enemies. 21 May 2018. (http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/whitefly/PDF_PwP%20ETC/world-whitefly-catalog-Evans.pdf[Version 070606]).
  • Gill, R.J.
     1990. The morphology of whiteflies, Pp. 13–46. In
    Gerling, D.
     (ed.), Whiteflies: Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management, Intercept.
    Andover, MA
    .
  • Hernandez-Suarez, E.
    ,
    J.H.Martin
    ,
    R.J.Gill
    ,
    I.D.Bedford
    ,
    C.P.Malumphy
    ,
    Reyes
    ,
    J.A.Betancort
    , and
    A.Carnero
    .     2012. The Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) of the Canary Islands with special reference to Aleyrodes, Siphoninus, and the challenges of puparial morphology in Bemisia.Zootaxa3212: 1–76.
  • Huang, J.
    and
    A.Polaszek
    .     1998. A revision of the Chinese species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): parasitoids of whiteflies, scale insects and aphids (Hemiptera).J. Nat. Hist.32: 1825–1966.
  • Jesudasan, R.W.A.
    and
    B.V.David
    .     1991. Taxonomic studies of Indian Aleyrodidae (Insecta: Homoptera).Orient. Insects25: 231–434.
  • Kanmiya, K.
    ,
    S.Ueda
    ,
    A.Kasai
    ,
    K.Yamashita
    ,
    Y.Sato
    and
    Y.Yoshiyasu
    .     2011. Proposal of new specific status for tea-infesting populations of the nominal citrus spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).Zootaxa2797: 25–44.
  • Kuwana, I.
     1927. On the genus Bemisia (Family Aleyrodidae) found in Japan, with description of a new species.Annot. Zool. Japonenses11: 245–253.
  • Lin, G.K.
     1960a. Whiteflies attacking citrus in Kiangxi.Chinese J. Appl. Entomol.6: 10–12 (In Chinese).
  • Lin, G.K.
     1960b. Whiteflies attacking citrus in Kiangxi.Chinese J. Appl. Entomol.6: 88–91 (In Chinese).
  • Luo, Z.Y.
    and
    C.M.Zhou
    .     1997. Record of whitefly (Aleyrodidae) on tea plants.J. Tea Sci.17(
    2
    ): 201–206 (In Chinese).
  • Luo, Z.Y.
    and
    C.M.Zhou
    .     2000. The record of whiteflies infesting citrus in China.South China Fruits29(
    6
    ): 15–17 (In Chinese).
  • Luo, Z.Y.
    and
    C.M.Zhou
    .     2001. The record of whiteflies infesting citrus in China.South China Fruits30(
    1
    ): 14–16 (In Chinese).
  • Martin, J.H.
     1985. The whitefly of New Guinea (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).Bull. British Mus. Nat. Hist. (Entomol.)50: 303–351.
  • Martin, J.H.
     1987. An identification guide to common whitefly pest species of the world (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).Trop. Pest Manag.33: 298–322.
  • Martin, J. H.
     1996. Neotropical whiteflies of the subfamily Aleurodicinae established in the western Palearctic (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).J. Nat. Hist.30: 1849–1859.
  • Martin, J.H.
     1999. The whitefly fauna of Australia (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae), a taxonomic account and identification guide.Tech. Paper, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Entomol. Canberra38: 1–197.
  • Martin, J.H.
    ,
    D.Mifsud
    and
    C.Rapisarda
    .     2000. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin.Bull. Entomol. Res.90: 407–448.
  • Meng, Z.H.
    ,
    J.R.Wang
    ,
    X.G.Zhou
    ,
    S.Li
    ,
    W.Yang
    ,
    H.Wang
    and
    Y.F.Zhou
    .     2017. A New insect pest Crenidorsum turpiniae (Takahashi, 1932) in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and its biology.J. Tea Sci.37(
    6
    ):638–644 (In Chinese).
  • Mound, L.A.
    and
    S.H.Halsey
    .     1978. Whitefly of the world.
    British Museum (Natural History), John Wiley & Sons
    ,
    Chichester, U.K
    .
  • Patti, I.
    and
    C.Rapisarda
    .     1981. Reperti morfo-biologici sugli aleirodidi nocivi alle piante coltivate in italia.Bollettino Di Zoologia Agraria E Di Bachicoltura (II)16: 135–190.
  • Porcelli, F.
     2008. First record of Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Apulia, Southern Italy.Bull. Oepp/eppo Bull.38: 516–518.
  • Quaintance, A.L.
     1903. New oriental Aleurodidae.Can. Entomol.35: 61–64.
  • Quaintance, A.L.
     1907. The more important Aleurodidae infesting economic plants with description of new species infesting the orange.U.S.D.A. Bur. Entomol. Tech. Ser.12: 89–94.
  • Quaintance, A.L.
    and
    Baker, A.C.
     1914. Classification of the Aleyrodidae Part II.U.S.D.A. Bur. Entomol. Tech. Ser.27: 95–109.
  • Quaintance, A.L.
    and
    Baker, A.C.
     1916. Aleurodidae or whiteflies attacking the orange with descriptions of three new species of economic importance.J. Agri. Res.6: 459–472.
  • Šimala, M.
    ,
    M.Pintar
    ,
    T.M.Milek
    and
    V.Markotić
    .     2016. First record of whitefly Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana 1927) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Croatia.Glasilo Biljne Zaštite.16: 307–317.
  • Singh, K.
     1931. A contribution towards our knowledge of the Aleyrodidae (Whiteflies) of India.Mem. Dep. Agric. India12: 1–98.
  • Singh, K.
     1945. Notes on Aleurodidae (Rhynchota) from India III.Ind. J. Entomol.6: 75–78
  • Sun, C
    ,
    Y.Zheng
    ,
    Q.Chen
    ,
    X.Tang
    ,
    M.Jiang
    ,
    J.Zhang
    ,
    X.Li
    and
    K.Chen
    .     2012. Purification and anti-tumour activity of cyaniding-3-O-glucoside from Chinese bayberry fruit.Food Chem.131:1287–1294.
  • Takahashi, R.
     1932. Aleyrodidae of Formosa, Part I.Rep. Dep. Agric. Govt. Res. Inst. Formosa59: 1–57.
  • Takahashi, R.
     1934. Aleyrodidae of Formosa, Part III.Rep. Dep. Agric. Govt. Res. Inst. Formosa63: 39–71.
  • Takahashi, R.
     1952. Aleurotuberculatus and Parabemisia of Japan (Aleyrodidae, Homoptera).Misc. Eep. Res. In. Nat. Resour. Tokyo25: 17–24.
  • Tang, F.D.
     1956. Whiteflies attacking citrus in China.Chinese J. Appl. Entomol.2(
    4
    ): 155–161 (In Chinese).
  • Uygun, N.
    ,
    B.Ohnesorge
    and
    R.Ulusoy
    .     1990. Two species of whiteflies on citrus in eastern Mediterranean: Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) and Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead).J. Appl. Entomol.110: 471–482.
  • Wang, J.R.
    ,
    Y.Z.Du
    and
    Z.H.Xu
    .     2017. Revision of the common names and redescriptions of two important whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).Acta Entomol. Sinica60: 357–362 (In Chinese).
  • Wang, J.R.
    ,
    L.X.Mu
    ,
    Y.Z.Du
    and
    Z.H.Xu
    .     2016. First discovery of whitefly, Aleurocanthus inceratus Silvestri (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on tea plants in China.J. Tea Sci.36: 427–431 (In Chinese).
  • Wang, J.R.
    ,
    D.Perdikis
    ,
    C.Chalkia
    ,
    H.Harizanis
    ,
    A.Kalaitzaki
    ,
    A.Tsagkarakis
    ,
    Z.H.Xu
    and
    Y.Z.Du
    .     2016. The occurrence of Pealius mori (Takahashi), Pealius machili Takahashi and Paraleyrodes minei iaccarino (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting Morus alba L. in Greece.Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr.52: 281–288.
  • Wang, J.R.
    ,
    Z.Q.Song
    and
    Y.Z.Du
    .     2014. Six new record species of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting Morus alba in China.J. Insect Sci.14: 274.
  • Young, B.
     1942. Whiteflies attacking citrus in Szechwan.Sinensia Shanghai13: 95.
  • Zhang, B.
    ,
    M.Kang
    ,
    Q.Xie
    ,
    B.Xu
    ,
    C.Sun
    ,
    K.Chen
    and
    Y.Wu
    .     2011. Anthocyanins from Chinese bayberry extract protect b cells from oxidative stress-mediated injury via HO-1 up-regulation.J. Agri. Food Chem.59: 537–545.
<bold>Fig. 1</bold>
Fig. 1

Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleurocanthus spiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the spines; (C) vasiform orifice.

<bold>Fig. 2</bold>
Fig. 2

Live images of Aleurolobus szechwanensis, puparium, dorsal view.

<bold>Fig. 3</bold>
Fig. 3

Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of A. szechwanensis. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.

<bold>Fig. 4</bold>
Fig. 4

Live images of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus puparium. Aleuroplatus pectiniferus infesting the leaves of Myrica rubra (left); Puparium dorsal view (right), showing the transparent gelatinous wax around the case and the waxy secretion arising from the end of thoracic and caudal tracheal pores.

<bold>Fig. 5</bold>
Fig. 5

Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Aleuroplatus pectiniferus. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the tracheal combs; (C) vasiform orifice.

<bold>Fig. 6</bold>
Fig. 6

Live images of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens, puparium, dorsal view.

<bold>Fig. 7</bold>
Fig. 7

Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Cohicaleyrodes caerulescens. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin; (C) vasiform orifice.

<bold>Fig. 8</bold>
Fig. 8

Live images of Dialeuropora brideliae, puparium, dorsal view.

<bold>Fig. 9</bold>
Fig. 9

Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of Dialeuropora brideliae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) lateral margin and the submarginal pores; (C) vasiform orifice.

<bold>Fig. 10</bold>
Fig. 10

Live images of Parabemisia myricae. (A) Puparium, dorsal view; (B) empty pupal case.

<bold>Fig. 11</bold>
Fig. 11

Microscopic photographs of slide-mounted puparium of P. myricae. (A) Habitus, dorsal view (parasitoid emerged); (B) lateral margin and the submarginal setae; (C) vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.

Contributor Notes

4 Corresponding author (zhhxu@zafu.edu.cn).
Received: 06 Jun 2018
Accepted: 20 Jun 2018
  • Download PDF